Erik Erikson Stages of Development and Cultural Implication

INTRODUCTION: An individual is made up of his or her frames of reference. Our social interactions and beliefs are all a reflection of our surroundings, environment, things we hear, feel or touch. A frame of reference can simply be defined as â€Å"The context, viewpoint, or set of presuppositions or of evaluative criteria within which a persons perception and thinking seem always to occur, and which constrains selectively the course and outcome of these activities therefore one can say, Gender, Age, Religion, Environment, Education, Occupation, Political Class, Family and Press are the common determinants of individual frames of reference. We are told about the world before we see it. We imagine most things before we experience them†¦show more content†¦However failure at this stage attracts a sense of guilt, lacking self-initiative and always a follower. Rewards In Nigeria parents are enthusiastic about the industriousness of their children and often reward their efforts. Nigerian parents always encourage their children to attend to errands and solve little problems thereby increasing the â€Å"initiativeness† of the child. Likewise children are allowed a great degree of interactions with fellow children in a proper cultural setting not the type we now have with parents inhibiting their child’s interaction with other children. Flogging The opposite of rewards for a good job by a child is flogging by parents in Nigeria. The cultural belief is that a child should be spanked when he or she does something wrong. However, this might kill the â€Å"initiativeness† in the child especially when they cannot relate their being punished to a certain misdemeanor. Industry vs. Inferiority Between age 6 – to puberty, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishment. They plan projects and see them through to completion. Teachers must encourage children at this stage to make them believe in their ability. Once a child is successful at this stage, they become industrious and confident in achieving life goals; inferiority complex is the repercussion of failure at this stage of development.Show MoreRelatedSocialisation, Personal Identity, Gender Identity And Gender Roles1313 Words   |  6 Pagesskills and habits necessary for precipitating within one’s society, thus the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained† (Boundless.com, 2015). The process of socialisation involves an individual such as an adolescent to have interactions with various agents of socialisation. Agents of socialisation are factors that play a crucial role in providing an individual with social and cultural skills in accordance with the social norms and standards of the society one is located in (Brian FurzeRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Identity Development Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesSocial development is one of the most significant aspects of a childs life, for they can not live with out social interaction, the moment they are born they are being interacted with, typically social development happens to everyone throughout their life, with the rare cases of adults becoming hermits, there is no escape from developing socially to fit in with those around you, or to stand out. works along side emotional development as how we develop socially affects our emotions and the emotionsRead MoreEssay about Erik Erikson and Post-Freudian Theory2317 Words   |  10 PagesErik Erikson was born in 1902 near Frankfort, Germany to an unmarried Jewish mother. He was raised in an artists colony by his mother and eventually he would have his pediatrician as a stepfather, however, Erikson would seek his biological father’s identity throughout his life. (Capps, Mother, melancholia, and humor in Erik H. Eriksons earliest writings, 2008). In 1929, Erikson began psychoanalysis with Anna Freud and in 1933, he and his wife and children emigrated first to Denmark and then to theRead MoreThe Educational Field For Various Reasons Essay1703 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance of psychological research in education systems as a means of providing specific educational techniques and behaviors that give both the student and teacher the best environment for personal development. T he knowledge of teacher’s personal impact on a child’s social and intellectual development will only motivate educators to plan their actions based on desired outcomes they want to achieve. Therefore, if a teacher knows that if do not create and promote adequate support networks for theirRead MoreJoan Eriksons Stages Of Psychosocial Development792 Words   |  4 PagesEriksons stages of psychosocial development, as articulated by Erik Erikson, in collaboration with Joan Erikson,[1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood. All stages are present at birth but only begin to unfold according to both a natural scheme and ones ecological and cultural upbringing. In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challengesRead Morecompare Bronfenbrenner and Erikson Essay3116 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Lifespan Developments The ories offer explanations of how the individual changes and develops throughout their lifetime. While this objective is constant, the focus of these theories vary. Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory adopts an intrapersonal focus, outlining nine age related stages of the life cycle while Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Stage Theory focuses on five socio-cultural stages within which the individual interacts, interpersonally, over time. This essay will focus on both theseRead MoreEcological Systems Theory By Urie Bronfenbrenner1556 Words   |  7 Pageson the impact of the environment on a child’s overall development. The identifying characteristics of Bronfenbrenner’s theory are the five systems used to organize external influences within a child’s development. These systems are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. Each system is aligned with specific interaction levels. The microsystem is considered to be the most intimate of the levels, in which development is dependent on the immediate environment. The immediateRead MoreObservation of Child Growth Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction red - Development blue – Conclusion orange Individualism– Giving priority to one’s own goals over group          goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes          rather than group identification.       For the first time in my life I am being an individualist. I am giving greater priority to my own personal goals. I honestly don’t know what I was thinking changing careers at the age of 42 but I am determined to get my nursing degree. For the next 2 years it will beRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology2134 Words   |  9 Pageschildren’s development is portrayed as a array of psychosexual stages. In the three essays of sexuality Sigmund Freud zoned these stages as oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. All of the stages which are involved in the fulfillment the pleasure of a libidinal wish and can then later on play a part in adult behavior. If a child doesn’t effectively complete a stage, Freud suggested that he or she would develo p a fascination that would then later on effect adult personality and behavior. Erik eriksonRead MoreThe Best Possible Educator I1294 Words   |  6 Pagestheir students. The term development, â€Å"Is not applied to all changes, but rather to those that appear in orderly ways and remain for a reasonably long period of time. (Woolfolk, p. 32).† There are four distinct aspects of development. There’s physical development, personal development, social development and cognitive development. The three main principles of development include the rate at which children develop, how development is relatively orderly and that development takes place gradually. Some

Epidemiology And The Community Of Hartford Connecticut

Epidemiology in the community of Hartford Connecticut I have chosen to focus my paper on the city of Hartford Connecticut. Identifying the right data source to obtain information is very important for managing and targeting the right population in the disease management process. Information can be found in many places, but finding credible sources is very important to assess the community and compare to the nationwide problems. Since the introduction of the Internet, we have been able to access many places in on World Wide Web to be able in becoming more informed and educate ourselves on disease management. Some of the credible data sources I have been able to obtain are from the federal and state level, some were non-profit†¦show more content†¦According to CERC Town Profile in 2014 the most current population for the city of Hartford in 2012 was of 124,979 compared to the state 3,572,213, which there is an expected increase in population of 0.2% by year 2020 for the city of Hartford. With a median household income of $28,931 , compared to the state of $69,519. The poverty level of the city was stated to be at 34.4% compared to the low state rate at 10.5%. But according to the Census Bureau when comparing the poverty level with other major cities in the state such as New Haven at 26.4% and at Bridgeport 23.6%, the city of Hartford poverty level is much higher. Unemployment rate seems to be a big concern for the city being at 14.7% compared to 7.8% of the total state unemployment rate. (CERC). The city houses many big corporations causing a major problem for people that lack in education finding employment within the city. Even though they have easy access to public transportation traveling outside the city may cause a burden to the people whom have to travel for employment outside the city. Crime rate within the city is also a major concern in the year of 2014 it was reported 19 cases homicides in the city a decline from the previous years. According to CT healthy people 2020 their expected rate of 5.5 per 100,000 population (DPH), in which the city of Hartford is leading below the expected rate at 3.5 per 100,000Show MoreRelatedStatistical Data Of Heart Disease1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to speak about statistical data of heart disease in Hartford Connecticut. The Epidemiology and the community I have chosen to speak about in this paper are cardiovascular disease and stroke in the city of Hartford in the state of Connecticut. According to Heart.org, Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and accounts for more than 17.3 million deaths per year and is expected to grow to over 23.6 million by 2030 (Heart Disease, Stroke and Research At-a-GlanceRead MoreMyocardial Infaraction6192 Words   |  25 Pages10;170(9):759-64. Rethinking the epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction: challenges and opportunities. Yeh RW, Go AS. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Abstract BACKGROUND: During the previous decade, many strategies for preventing acute myocardial infarction found to be efficacious in randomized controlled trials have been adopted by physicians in the community. Although evaluations of quality improvement

Business Structure an Activity Individuals †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Business Structure an Activity Individuals. Answer: Introduction: A partnership is an association of business or individuals that comes together with the purpose of carrying on a business, an activity or even a project for either a stipulated or a indefinite period of time. The partnership form of a business is created for various purposes but the most common purpose of setting up a partnership business structure is to earn profit. In order to determine whether partnership form of business is suitable, it is essential to understand the essential features, the advantages and the disadvantages of this form of business structure (Allen and Kraakman 2016). Share of profits- under this form of business structure, all the partners are entitled to share the risks and the rewards associated with the business; Unlimited liability- the partners of the partnership firm are severally as well as jointly liable for all the obligations and debts of the business, which also includes the damages and the losses suffered by the firm arising from the wrongful conduct or omission of the partners (Beamish 2013). The partners are also liable to the parties for any acts or omissions conducted by the partners of the firm; Share of Profits- each partner of the partnership firm shall be entitled to share the net profits of the business, which shall be proportionate to the amount of capital invested by each partner into the partnership business. There is no need for any clause with respect to profit sharing ratio, to be incorporated in the partnership contract; Decision-making- the partners of the firm are entitled with te right to take part in the decision making process to ensure that appropriate decisions are taken in the interests of the company as well as its members. They are entitled to make decisions regarding matters that may have an impact upon the business and its assets. Flexibility- the business structure of a partnership fro of business is flexible in nature as the partners are at liberty to decide how the business procedure of the business should be carried out. Taxation- the partners shall be accountable for their respective tax payments owing to the fact that the partners are self-employed and do not work under an employer. The advantages of this form of business structure are as follows: The partnership business structure permits sharing of labor, skill, equipment, expertise and financial resources. Unlike the incorporated entities, the expenses associated with the establishment of a partnership form of business are comparatively low. A partnership comes into existence by entering into a partnership agreement. Since a partnership form of business is not a separate legal entity, the partners are entitled to certain tax benefits. The partners may use the losses sustained by them in the partnership business to offset the income they have earned from the other sources however, the partners can use the income lost to the extent of their partnership share (Bubb 2014). The most appealing feature of partnership businesses is that the partners are entitled to share the profits and losses between each other. The disadvantages that a partnership form of business suffers are as follows: Since a partnership form of business is not a separate legal entity, each partner shall be personally liable for the debts and obligations of the partnership firm. Moreover, a partner shall be accountable for the debts, wrongful acts or omissions of other partners as well. Hence, they shall be jointly and severely responsible for the debts and obligations of the partnership business (Cojocaru 2015). Another disadvantage of this form of business structure is that it would cease to exist with a change in the membership. To remove any individual person as partner, the partnership has to be dissolved and re-formed with the new members. Joint venture Business Structure A joint venture form of business structure refers to an agreement between two or more companies or individuals where parties work together towards the planned goal while maintaining their separate entities or businesses. Each of the parties to such joint venture shall be responsible for the debts incurred while carrying out the project and after the completion of the project the parties shall divide the profits between themselves (Hynes 2014). The relationship of the parties to a joint venture is usually governed by the joint venture agreement. Businesses may select joint venture agreement for various short term and long-term projects such as publishing agreements, transportation agreements, Research and Development agreements, etc. The essential features of joint venture business agreements are as follows: Flexibility in tax- this form of business structure ensures greater amount of flexibility in terms of taxation; Limited liability- the liability for debts and obligations arising in a joint venture form of business is considered to be separate and the parties are not jointly liable; Non-liability to partners- the partners are not liable for the wrongful acts or omissions of other partners; The joint venture business structure has the following advantages: One of the advantages of an unincorporated joint venture is the convenient setting up of the working relationship between each of the participants. In the absence of an incorporation of a new entity that is jointly held by all the participants, there is no need to develop a corporate structure that complies with the corporation laws within the jurisdiction, in which the joint venture business is carried out. There is a growth in the business structure without borrowing money or looking out for external investments; There is a scope of development of new products and services. it further allows greater access to more resources for the parties who are involved in such joint venture business; This form of business structure enables the parties to gain better access to additional resources such as technology , specialist staffs etc; The most appealing feature of this form of business structure is that there a temporary and not permanent commitment between the parties involved in the joint venture business. The joint venture form of business has certain disadvantages as well which are enumerated as below: It might be difficult to find the appropriate competent people and developing a trusting and strong relationship between such people; In order to avert any form of conflict with the co-business partners, the parties to the joint venture business must comprehend the terms, goals and objectives of such business; Business partners may not be committed to the project as is required by the joint venture agreement. The terms of the agreement is governed by the contract law and common law, which governs the joint venture. In case separate legal entity is incorporated for joint venture, then the Corporations Act shall come into play. Legislations governing Partnership Business and Joint Venture In Australia, each state has its respective legislations that govern partnerships. Such as Partnership Ac 1963 in ACT, Partnerships Act 1892 of NSW, Partnership Act 1891 of Queensland, Partnership Act 1958 in Victoria, etc. However, the definition of partnership encompasses certain essential elements, which is common in every jurisdiction. They include valid agreement, the common objective to carry on a business unlike the joint venture, which deals with single transactions, and the objective of earning profit. There is no law that expressly governs joint ventures in Australia (Lawrence 2013). They are subjected to an amalgamation of general legislation and other legal rules pertaining to contract, corporate law and other regulatory aspects. People often make common mistakes while using the interchangeable gradation of terms joint venture agreement and partnership agreement. Although both the terms are ostensibly similar on the very face of it, there are certain differences between both the terms. Despite the fact that it is hard to differentiate between the two terms, there are few differences between the terms (Miller 2015). A partnership agreement is a statutory relationship between two or more individuals for the purpose of carrying on the business with the objective of earning profit. In case of a partnership agreement, it is essential that the mutual intentions and aims of the partnership agreement is shared and agreed upon by the parties to the joint venture agreement. The development of a formal partnership agreement aims at eliminating any potential conflict among the partners that may arise out of the partnership business in the future (Mann and Roberts 2015). The partnership agreement must stipulate the duties and obligations that mandate the employees to follow while carrying out the business operations. On the other hand, a joint venture agreement is vaguer as compared to the partnership form of agreement. In other words, a joint venture agreement is a form of partnership agreement. It is a legal relationship that may be developed formally. However, the essential terms of the agreement shall be stipulated in a written joint venture agreement. Moreover, there is no precise legal definition but the legal relationship includes an unincorporated joint venture. A formalized joint venture agreement identifies that the individuals have not formed any form of partnership. Recommendation It is recommended that before entering into a joint venture or partnership agreement, it is mandatory to understand the objectives and goals of the business that the person starting up the business aims at achieving. Both the joint venture and partnership form of business is advantageous but have their respective disadvantages. If flexibility is the essential feature that Lance, Nick and Xaojing are looking for in their herbal product business, then joint venture form of business is appropriate (Miller 2015). However, partnership form of business has specific duties and obligations stipulated in the partnership agreement unlike the joint venture agreement that is relatively vaguer. Further, there is no legislation governing the joint venture form of business structure, whereas the Partnership business is governed by several legislations in every individual states of Australia, which provides a legal framework for businesses in the country. Since Nick, Lance and Xaojing wanted to start up business together, partnership form of business would be appropriate as the partners are liable for the debts and obligations of each other, unlike, joint venture where the parties are not accountable for each others liability. Reference list Allen, W.T. and Kraakman, R., 2016.Commentaries and cases on the law of business organization. Wolters Kluwer law business. Allen, W.T. and Kraakman, R., 2016.Commentaries and cases on the law of business organization. Wolters Kluwer law business. Beamish, P., 2013.Multinational joint ventures in developing countries (RLE International Business). Routledge. Bubb, R., 2014. Choosing the Partnership: English Business Organization Law During the Industrial Revolution.Seattle UL Rev.,38, p.337. Clarkson, K., Miller, R. and Cross, F., 2014.Business Law: Texts and Cases. Nelson Education. Cojocaru, C., 2015. Some Consideration regarding the Joint-Venture Agreement as Per the Current Regulation. InConf. Int'l Dr.(p. 108). Hartman, L.P., DesJardins, J.R. and MacDonald, C., 2014.Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hynes, J.D., 2014.Agency, partnership, and the LLC: the law of unincorporated business enterprises: selected statutes and form agreements. LexisNexis. Lawrence, G.M., 2013.Due Diligence in Business Transactions. Law Journal Press. Mann, R.A. and Roberts, B.S., 2015.Business law and the regulation of business. Nelson Education. Mann, R.A. and Roberts, B.S., 2015.Business law and the regulation of business. Nelson Education. Miller, R.L., 2015.Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. Nelson Education.

The Positive Outcomes Of Small Class Sizes In Elementary School Essay Sample free essay sample

Smaller categories are a cardinal ingredient in pupil success. The researches leave no uncertainty that little categories have an advantage over larger categories in pupil public presentation in the early primary classs. Students who had been in smaller categories had higher accomplishment in all academic countries compared to pupils in regular or teacher-aide categories. We have found that a decrease in category size will bring forth a assortment of benefits for instructors and pupils. Small categories influence non merely student’s academic accomplishments. but they besides benefit student’s societal accomplishments and relationships with their instructors. One illustration of an advantage for a little category is that fighting pupils can have more single aid from the schoolroom instructor. whereas a instructor that is in charge of a big category would be excessively busy to give that pupil single aid. Because single instructor attending is available in a little category. fighting pupils will have the aid they need. We will write a custom essay sample on The Positive Outcomes Of Small Class Sizes In Elementary School Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and as a consequence. pupil accomplishment will better. Teachers will besides happen that in a little category. they will be better able to pull off their category. Discipline jobs will be less frequent and terrible because the schoolroom instructor will hold better control of the pupils In a little category. because â€Å"students receive more attending and are less likely to go discipline problems† . instructors will concentrate less on disciplinary actions and will concentrate more on direction and really learning the pupils. Another advantage of holding a little category is that it besides provides instructors the ability to truly understand their student’s strengths and failings. By going familiar with their student’s abilities. instructors can individualise their lesson programs to profit their pupils. Knowing the strengths and failings of pupils is good because this helps instructors recognize when to pass more clip on a subject. Clearly. pupils who have been enrolled in little categories from a immature age benefit from individualized instructor attending and direction. It would non be possible to hold such benefits in a big category. Small category size greatly and positively influences student accomplishment during the clip the pupil is enrolled in a little category and when he/she moves onto higher instruction. From a technological point of view. with a little category. the instructor could utilize learning methods such as on-line categories and treatment boards to pull off and maintain the category interesting and synergistic. By being introduced to this technique. pupils may be willing to take part more frequently and be more involved in category work as opposed to being nervous about raising their custodies in fright of being embarrassed or laughed at in a big schoolroom scene. Positive out coming are:

Buffalo Bill And Deadwood Dick Essays - Pulp Fiction,

Buffalo Bill And Deadwood Dick Phillips Eng. 124 Writing Assn. #1 I Can't Hear a Damn Word You're Saying Those who deprecate the free supply of such ficticious works as the public demands, are generally in favor of the entire exclusion of fiction of a sensational cast, a course which will unavoidably result in alienating from the library the very class most needing its beneficial influence'? (Denning, 49). It is obvious here that William Fletcher attached more significance and importance to dime novels than most ?serious intellectuals? did in the late 1800's. In fact, most people, particularly in the middle class, thought dime novels were vulgar and that they caused young children to imitate the actions of the likes of Buffalo Bill and Deadwood Dick. But both the production and the popularity of dime novels (especially) among the working class suggest that something more profound than cheap entertainment compelled them to read these works of fiction. Contrary to what many literary scholars and those in the middle class believed--and perhaps as indicated by the various reactions to them, these plotlines and characters were appealing to the working class on more than just one level. The rate at which dime novels were produced is astounding. ?William Wallace Cook began by receiving a title and synopsis for a serial, and would then write, adapt and revise installments to meet the ever-changing specifications of the publisher. Almost all the accounts tell the story of novels written at exceptional speed in marathon sessions, and all emphasize the sheer quantity of writing? (Denning, 21). It was not uncommon for authors to write entire pieces in one week or less, some not bothering to edit their work. Many admitted that their motivation for writing stories at such a pace was money, but most maintained that the material contained in their stories was not immoral or vulgar, but rather, useful. It is interesting to note here that, while the adverse reaction against dime novels eventually became a reflection of the class that was supposedly reading them, the authors themselves were not from the working class. In fact, the dime novel ?was a commercial product of a burgeoning industry employing relatively educated professionals--writers who also worked as journalists, teachers, or clerks? (45). The judgments passed on those reading the dime novels was limited to the working class; but the very material that was thought to be immoral was invented in the minds of middle class people. In addition, while the working class may have been the target audience, perhaps in an attempt to redefine class boundaries, in actuality, the population of dime novel readers transcended those very boundaries. The action- and romance-packed stories appealed to all: men, women, children, both young and old. For people such as bankers and capitalists, dime novels served as more of a distraction from t he North/South divide that the country was actually experiencing (?Reading the West?, 32) If the popularity of these novels was so widespread, even extending into middle-class interests, one must wonder why the reaction by literary critics and other middle-class people was so strong, and at times, excessive. Critics were unsure of how dime novels would impact the working class readers and what action, if any, they might provoke. Either they were ?a narcotic escape from daily life with no genuine symbolic meaning or, with Comstock, a symbolic universe so potents as to erase the real world from the minds of readers, leading them to act out the scenes depicted in dime novels? (54). Anthony Comstock was the leader of these latter believers, calling editors of such fiction ?Satan's efficient agents? who would ultimately destroy the young (Denning, 51). He eventually began arresting people who sold these novels or those who allowed children under sixteen years of age to have access to dime novels. Libraries joined in on the censorship, attempting to keep sensational fiction off their bookshelves. If the intended audience of dime novels was the working class, and there was such a strong reaction against the works, then presumably there was something about the way the expected results would have impacted the working class that scared critics. As with any modern influential product of mass media, like the program ?South Park,? people feared that children would be corrupted and

Book Review Sample of Monster by Walter Dean Myers

Book Review Sample of Monster by Walter Dean Myers is a specific genre. It requires both wisdom and honesty to write, whereas teenagers are the audience that does not forgive lies and sermons. Yet, they desperately seek for someone to give answers to their major questions about living and coming of age. Monster by Walter Dean Myers combines the unique form of narration with a message that makes to think about the sense and the consequences of actions and choices. The theme of adolescence is closely related to the themes of race and violence. Just like many young people, the main character is looking for a flock to stick to; thus, he makes mistakes that lead him to the threat of prison. Although written in a popular genre of young adult novel, the book is unique in the form and techniques, which the author uses in order to convey a message. It is a first person narration, which suggests that the novel is a confessional one. At the same time, the borderline between the real and the imaginary is quite thin, as the character writes a screenplay based on his life. This approach helps the author in combining the two perspectives: the first and the third person, because making his life a screenplay requires a necessity to view it in terms of the other peoples life. In the novel, the author describes the coming of age challenges that Steve Harmon, a sixteen-year-old teenager, faces. He is a black person and lives in Harlem, which makes his life closely linked to the aspects of race and violence. The author asks a question, to which extent such peoples lives are predetermined by their environment, and whether they are able to break the vicious circle that deprives that of any chance to live a different life. As a typical person of his age, Steve has a need to belong to a group of peers. In fact, he is being unaware of the path he chooses when joining a crew of violent guys who make him involved in a crime. ORDER FOR: $Â  11.99 document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () { $("#miniorder_shorcode form").append($("", { "name": "_token", "value": window.Laravel.csrfToken, "type": "hidden" })); }); The author does not condemn the young men because he believes that their fate is confined to a narrow range of opportunities in a tough black Harlem neighborhood. Early in their lives they become cynical about the world as they have to learn how to survive under the pressure close to the bottom of social hierarchy. At the same time, the author implies that despite the fact that there is a limited number of options for these people, there is always a moral choice to make. Steve fails to make the right choice when choosing the company because of his adolescence and lack of experience. As a sixteen year boy, he strives to find and reinforce his identity as a man, and his ideas of manhood are quite immature. It often happens that teenagers fail to distinguish between true masculinity and violence, and this is the case with Steve. He might realize that the company of older hooligan guys is probably not the best option for him, yet he is attracted by their self-confidence, which he lacks a t the point. Besides, he is not aware of how far this can go, until he gets involved in a drugstore robbery with an accidental murder of a person. So, alongside with the rest of the crew he has to face the trial. However, Steve is lucky to get help and understanding from Kathy OBrien who defends him. The attorney realizes that the boy is different from the rest of the guys. Moreover, he is not a monster as Sandra Petrocelli names him and James King. In fact, the author traces the roots of monstrosity as a social phenomenon, which often starts in adolescence. He implies that becoming a monster, an outcast or rebel, is not always a conscious choice but often a result of unfortunate coincidences, lack of experience or wrong judgment. A victim has all chances to become a monster too when getting into malicious environment as it is the case with Steve. The outcome of the trial is fortunate for Steve; with the help of his attorney he is let free as he is announced not guilty. At the same time, he does not have the feeling of finality because he still questions his own identity. In the course of the events, he goes several steps in the direction of more maturity. He learns more about the right and the wrong. Yet, he is not quite satisfied about the verdict, although he is happy to be free. Deep inside, he is not sure whether he is not guilty and whether the wrong choice that he made has not turned him into a bad person. The tone of the whole book is gloomy, and there is not a sharp contrast between the mood at the beginning and the end. Consequently, this implies that the main character does not feel satisfied: he is not in a real prison but because of his environment his life is like prison too, as he has not much choice. All in all, the novel raises a whole number of issues which accompany the theme of adolescence. The author demonstrates how environment shapes a personality and how ones identity can be shaken by one mistake that a person makes as a teenager. The book also highlights the problems that young black people face in a neighborhood, where they have little chance to start a different life.

Managed innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managed innovation - Essay Example Managed innovation Competition brings in the need for companies to be innovative so as maintain and improve their market position. For a company to achieve all this, it must know how to identify the correct innovation management tools, which are of exceptional significant in realizing its goals. The key to a better innovation process is management of the innovation process. What is innovation? Does managed innovation promote innovation process? What are the gains and losses of managed innovation? The term innovation refers to a process of transforming plans into products to increase customer’s value. Innovation process is the key to success of a company. The need to rise to the top is the main reason why many American companies have ended up falling in love with the innovation idea. It is notable that there are vast dangers that arise with the innovation process. Majority of the companies view innovation as an idea that only benefits the company and thus causing them to keep innovating in all fi elds of the company. However, innovation is a costly process, disruptive and difficult. It is essential to consider both the cost of innovation and the benefits that it will bring so as to place innovation and innovators at the right places. For a company like Google, it took years to gain its current status in the world. Good management strategies have enabled Google to be on the forefront in innovation. An example of strategy that the management has embarked on is strategic patience and endurance. Strategic patience is strategies of letting time take care of at least part of the process. Throughout the years, Google has remarkably shown strategic patience in all its sectors (Lyer and Davenport 126). Through this strategy, Google has managed to achieve a lot by embarking on ventures involving television and radio advertising, social networking, online productivity, online payments, mobile phone operating systems, blogging, and many more information domains. There are numerous manag ement tools that Google has not yet developed, but through this strategy it has managed to acquire such tools from other companies. These tools include YouTube for online video, Picasa for photo management, DoubleClick for web ads, urchin for web analytics; now Google Analytics, Keyhole for satellite photos; now Google earth. If it were not for its strategic patience, Google would still be dragging behind. The short term goal of the company is not as necessary as the long term goal. It will take approximately three hundred years to reach its goal of organizing the world’s information. Rewarding of employees is another managerial concept that has enabled many companies to scale higher than expected. Financial reward and honorary are some of the ways that different companies uses to motivate upcoming entrepreneurs and innovators (Ireland and Hoskisson 78). What most of the innovative employee want is to see their idea nurtured to become a reality and their effort rewarded. The top most companies have been on the forefront in rewarding outstanding entrepreneurial achievements hence motivating them to work extra hard to achieve more. All these achievements made are for the better of the company. On the other hand, it is of concern to note that not all innovations that succeeds. Some fail and how the company handles those cases are as relevant as dealing with success. Innovative companies and any other upcoming company should emulate such managerial strategies to improve the status

The Historical Value of Turgenev's Fathers and Sons with Gogol's Essay

The Historical Value of Turgenev's Fathers and Sons with Gogol's Inspector General - Essay Example This essay analyzes the Russian history presented in the â€Å"Fathers and sons† by Turgenev and â€Å"Inspector general† by Gogol, that both have outlined historical issues in Russian society in a similar way. The two books have also been contrasted through the characters, themes and the historical allusions. In the novel â€Å"Fathers and sons,† the author shows the difference between two generations of life. During this time, there were cultural differences between the liberals and the growing nihilist uprising. In the other book, the â€Å"Inspector general,† the author has focused on mistaken identity committed in the Russian society. These two books have common similarities and differences, which have been asserted through the mode of translation, the author’s concerns, the cultural and historical differences especially in history and literature. The researcher of this essay has analyzed how the two different authors tried to bring out their c haracters, which reflect the Russian literature in both content and history. The two authors have tried to bring out the foundation for the Russian literature and it portrayed history of the Russian republic. Turgenev reveals struggles that exist within families in his book since he tries to explain what it means to someone’s child or parent. This novel highlights whereby children are disrespectful and revolt against their families or parents. On the other hand, Gogol laid down the establishment or foundation of the 19th century Russian realism with his book that criticized government injustices.

Zombies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Zombies - Research Paper Example The research paper "Zombies" discusses the question of zombies existence, the corpses of human beings that have been raised from the dead, through magic. The term Zombie emanated amongst the Haitian Slaves, who believed that Baron Samedi, one of the spirits of the Haitian Voodoo would pick them from the dead, and take them to heaven. This is only if, the slaves under consideration did not offend this spirit. The spirit of Baron Samedi would be offended in case an individual committed suicide. If this action occurred, then the person under consideration would remain a slave forever, even after death. On this basis, this concept of Zombies has been largely linked to the practice of Voodoo, i.e. magic. Kloepfer denotes that people, who believe in Zombies or claim to have seen Zombies, are either mentally unstable or religious fanatics. In the case of Felicia Mentor, scholar denotes that science was able to prove that the woman under consideration was not Felicia Mentor. On this basis, the family members of this woman were only superstitious and highly religious. Kloepfer states that this aspect of Zombies has gained prominence, because of their depictions in horror movies. There isn’t any scientific research that that has been able to prove that a Zombie actually exists. In regard to these arguments, the concept of magic does not exist, and on this basis, witches, wizards and the practice of Voodoo are just a myth. Scholar gives an example of the Salem witch trials, which occurred between the periods 1692 to 1693.

Literature Review on Pakistans Food Security

Literature Review on Pakistans Food Security ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK Food security is elucidated by the IFAD/FAO as the year-round access to the amount and variety of safe foods required by all household members in order to lead active and healthy lives, without undue risk of losing such access. No country anywhere in the world is food secure on this definition. It represents therefore an ideal. To make the definition operational, four dimensions are considered namely Food Availability, Food Access, Food Utilisation and Stability of Access. These are briefly explained as follows: 1. Food Availability: The availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate qualities, supplied through domestic production or imports (including food aid). This is often confused with food security but should properly be seen as only a part, albeit an important part of food security. The question is not only whether food is available in a country but whether it is available in the right place at the right time and there must be a mechanism for ensuring that food of the right quality is made available. 2. Food Access: Access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) to acquire appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. These resources need not be exclusively monetary but may also include traditional rights e.g. to a share of common resources. Entitlements are defined as the set of all those commodity bundles over which a person can establish command given the legal, political, economic and social arrangements of the community in which he or she lives. 3. Food Utilization: Utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation, and health care. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security. It is not enough that someone is getting what appears to be an adequate quantity of food if that person is unable to make use of the food because he or she is always falling sick. 4. Stability of Access: Are individuals at high risk of losing their access to food? An example of this situation would be a landless agricultural laborer who was almost wholly dependent on agricultural wages in a region of erratic rainfall. Such a person is at high risk of not being able to find work in a situation of general crop failure and thus going hungry, i.e. is vulnerable. The objective of the thesis would be to analyze the institutional, production, market and policy aspects of the aforementioned four specific factors underlying food insecurity in Pakistan. This shall be gauged by analyzing secure access, production and utilization of three key staples; wheat, rice and sugar. There is considerable evidence that indicates the need to route policy focus to take the shape of revisionary responses to institutional framework, production, market dynamics and existing policy framework; all geared towards actualizing yield potentials and enhancing food security in the context of factors outlined above. What makes it even more pertinent is the impending food crisis keeping in view the increasing population and various institutional constraints underlying the retarded growth in production e.g water shortages, soil degradation, absence of proper agriculture research, improper agricultural practices etc. The four key aspects defined above i.e. Food availability, Food Access, Food Utilisation and Stability of Access shall be analyzed in terms of their current standing as well as the potential areas of improvement to realize the stipulated objectives. The stated framework is illustrated in the table as under: FOOD AVAILABILITY Review of Land holdings Cropping Patterns and relative prices for each crop. Profits and Losses per acre for each crop for each size class of farm Total area of cultivable land including land currently being utilized and cultivable waste. Water Utilisation Seeds, Fertilisers and GM food technology as a yield enhancement technique Productivity Enhancement of major crops Availability of credit for farmers for investments geared towards productivity enhancement FOOD ACCESS Identification and Targeting of the Food Insecure People Enhancing Productivity of small farmers for poverty alleviation and foster agricultural growth Diversification of On-farm and Off-farm income generation activities Stabilization of input and output process Encouragement of small scale enterprises STABILITY Inter-regional Inequality Urban Rural Disparity Distribution of land and Access to inputs and resources Skill Development for broad based development UTILISATION Improving nutritional aspects of food Balanced dietary consumption Promotion of household food production e.g. vegetables and pulses production, poultry and rearing of small ruminants POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES Removing Policy Distortions Provision and enhancement of rural infrastructure Institutional Structure for accelerated agricultural growth with equity. Credit and Rural Finance Human Resource Development Research and Extension Support Services In addition, the modus operandi for addressing the questions specified above would be through: †¢ A review and research the production, availability and consumption of essential food commodities †¢ A review of existing food procurement and storage facilities and identify areas of potential improvement †¢ Identification of the constraints in production, yield as well as the prices of essential food commodities e.g. wheat, sugar and rice. †¢ Identifying areas and scope of improved physical inputs geared towards improving the state of agriculture. †¢ Appraising the effectiveness of the Social Safety nets like BISP, Punjab Food Support Scheme in improving food security and how modifications in these programs towards targeting can be brought about to reduce fiscal and economic costs and losses for non target beneficiaries. †¢ Institutional and policy imperatives for enhanced and sustainable agricultural growth through a normative analysis of the following: o Agriculture and Crop Research Facilities o Social Mobilization o Vertical Integrations and Marketing systems o Enforcement Mechanisms in place to keep track of the regulatory endeavors. LITERATURE REVIEW Agriculture is considered the mainstay of Pakistans economy. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09, there are major hindrances in the GDP growth rate in case of Pakistan, which the report asserts could not hold at 2007-2008 level. Agriculture, the major source of employment and income in the rural areas is expected to grow at 4.7 percent as against Services sector growing at the rate of 3.6 percent during 2008-2009. About 70% per cent of the countrys rural population is directly or indirectly linked with agriculture for their livelihood. Whatever happens to agriculture is bound to affect the livelihood and consequently food security of the poor rural people. Decline of agriculture and shrinking livelihood opportunities have resulted in rising poverty in rural areas while also compounding the food insecurity in both rural and urban areas. Agriculture, thus assumes a critical role in the national economy, providing food to the fast growing population of the country. Pakistan is a country where food security situation in recent years has not been very encouraging. The demand for food in recent years, especially key staples like wheat and sugar have started to exceed the supply. This gap can be attributed to many possible causes. According to Ahmed and Siddiqui (1994), even when the supply situation is better, there are problems with the distribution amongst different segments of the society thus adversely affecting the nutrition. On the demand side, the food security problem has been complicated by an unprecedented increase in population. Since the existing rate of population growth of over 3 percent per annum is expected to continue for a reasonable period of time, the total fertility rate also remaining well above the so-called â€Å"replacement level†, improvement in health-care facilities, which have already resulted in a remarkable decline in infant and child mortality rates has also contributed towards the high population rate in Pak istan. Transitory and chronic food insecurity is caused mainly by poverty. (Tweeten, 1999) People with adequate buying power overcome the frictions of time (e.g., unpredictable, unstable harvests from year to year) and space (e.g., local food short- ages) to be food-secure. The conclusions of the aforementioned study further suggested a food security policy synthesis for poor, developing countries like Pakistan which are outlined as follows; Poverty is best alleviated through broad-based, sustainable economic development. The most effective and efficient means to economic development is to follow the standard model, illustrated by the figure as under, which assures an economic pie to divide among people and among functions, such as human resource development, infrastructure, family planning, a food safety net, and environmental protection. The standard model is not merely an ideal; it is applicable to any culture and provides a workable prescription for economic progress, ensuring buying power for self-reliance and food security. Eventually, in conjunction with family planning, it brings decreased population growth. Although no country has adopted every component, many countries have adopted enough components of the standard model to demonstrate its capacity for economic success. The central puzzle of why food-insecure countries like Pakistan, eschew the standard model when it can bring food security is explained by political failure. Terminating even the worst policies creates losers. If the losers are in positions of power and authority, they resist reform. Economic distortions provide economic rents for those in authority who bestow licenses and enforce regulations. Parastatals provide employment for friends and relatives of power brokers; hence, unfortunate public policy carries powerful momentum. Political failur e is inseparable from broader institutional failure. Food insecurity and economic stagnation are not the result of limited natural resources, environmental degradation, or ignorant people. Rather, they are the result of misguided public policies, which in turn are the product of weak institutions and corrupt governments serving special interests. Institutional change is required to adopt the standard model. Poorly structured, inadequate institutions often trace to cultural factors such as tolerance of the public for unrepresentative, corrupt, incompetent government. Government leaders often view their position as an opportunity for personal aggrandizement rather than to be a servant of the public interest. Socio-institutional changes, and hence standard model adoption, are blocked by cultural characteristics such as caste and ethnic animosities, which provide a fertile climate for governments not representing the public interest to play one group against another. Thus, the challenge of food security for our time, as argued by Tweeten (1999), is socio-institutional change. A study was conducted by the IFPRI in 1977 that emphasized on the intensity of the problem facing the Developing Market Economies (DMEs) in countering food deficits in the wake of increasing populations. The options to grapple this challenge were outlined as increasing domestic production, commercial imports, reducing the food consumption levels through pricing adjustments or rationing, and food aid. For a country like Pakistan, easily branded as a low income country, policy choices are limited. Much of the population is already below the minimum dietary and nutritional requirements. Commercial imports to cover up the food deficit may not be a plausible option because it deems imperative a huge foreign exchange outlay coupled with various alternative development expenditures seeking priority. The study concluded that in order to narrow the food gap, development efforts in such low income countries must emphasize on policies to increase and enhance production performance. Large increa ses in agricultural investments coupled with appropriate policies and effective programs will be central. The third critical dimension of food security, utilization, refers to actual metabolization of food by the body. Food that is available and accessible does not alleviate food insecurity if people do not utilize food properly because of inadequate nutrition education and food preparation, bad habits, eating disorders, or poor health, such as intestinal parasites from unsanitary water. Thus, food security is appropriately defined not just as access but as utilization by all people at all times of sufficient nutrients for a productive and healthy life. It follows that sanitation, education, and health care are important instruments for food security. Despite per capita world food supplies being more than adequate to provide food security to all, food or income transfers among nations cannot be the principal instrument to end food insecurity. One reason is because altruism is too limited and fickle to provide sufficient, reliable transfers. Heavy dependence on transfers could discourage local production and create an unhealthy dependency of poor nations and individuals on rich nations, agencies, and individuals. Massive food transfers would destroy incentives for local food producers. A nation must have a pie of purchasing power to divide and share among its food-insecure people. Because it is the poor who lack access to food, alleviating food insecurity means alleviating poverty. Most of the worlds poor, the 1.3 billion people with incomes of less than $1 per day (updated from World Bank 1990, p. 29), will have to escape poverty and food insecurity through economic growth. Economic growth largely was responsible for the 158 million reduction in numbers of undernourished people in East, South, and Southeast Asia from 1979-1981 to 1990-1992. In the mixed and underdeveloped economies of the Third World, the maintenance of minimum consumption levels for large segments of the population is a critical problem. Even in developing countries with a reasonably well-developed industrial base, such as India, glaring nutrition gaps exist (Knudsen and Scandizzo 1979) and critical shortages can and do arise in basic consumption areas such as food, fuel, and clothing (Sharma and Roy 1979). Such shortfalls have serious economic, social, and political consequences (Burki and Haq 1981). Therefore, governments in developing countries usually attempt a macro management of selected consumption items. A fairly complex set of direct and indirect policies are used to influence the production, distribution, and prices of such items (Ahmed 1979, Dholakia and Khorana 1979, Kaynak 1980, Sorensen 1978). The formulation and implementation of such policies can be viewed as a macro-marketing management process [Zif 1980]. For essential consumption ite ms, this process entails: i. Identification of key consumption items (products) and target groups (markets), ii. Development and evaluation of intervention methods (macro marketing strategies), iii. Creation of delivery or communication systems (channels) to reach the target groups or other intervention points, and iv. Monitoring and control of the consumption- oriented programs (macromarketing control system). In discussing the rationale for Macromanagement System for Essential Consumption Items (referred herein as MSECI), two interrelated questions arise i.e. why do these systems come into existence and what are the goals of these systems. In analyzing why the government intervenes in the distributive trade for essential consumption items, Sorenson (1978) cites four reasons, which are presented below in an elaborated version: i. Under conditions of scarcity (a typical feature in underdeveloped countries), the unfettered operation of the market mechanism is politically unacceptable. Price increases and shortages resulting from unfettered private trade would be politically too risky for the government in power. ii. Distributive trade typically has a poor reach in the rural areas. In periods of shortages, rural distribution deteriorates even further, making government intervention a necessity. iii. The market mechanism is imperfect in terms of prices, information, and market clearing. During periods of shortages, these imperfections become magnified, inviting government regulation. iv. Profits and surpluses from private trade in developing countries usually do not flow into productive investments. Instead, they flow into private consumption and investment such as clothing, jewelry, gold, houses, dowries, and so on. Hence, profits from shortages do not help alleviate the major cause of shortages, i.e. low le vels of production. In fact, some of the surpluses may even accentuate shortages by becoming working capital for increased hoarding of goods. Government often intervenes to reduce the profits going into such unproductive uses. The experience of India as put forth by Dholakia and Khurana (1979) and other Third World countries points out a few other reasons for the emergence and growth of macro management systems in the distributive trade sector. Some of these are: i. Distributive trades absorb a lot of people and provide a low-cost employment outlet in developing countries. Governments often intervene to further some employment goals in addition to the distributional goals. In India, for example, the government often preferentially awards licenses to operate Fair Price Shops to those groups considered to be politically important unemployed college graduates, retired army personnel, widows of servicemen, etc. ii. Government intervention in distributive trades is often a consequence of agricultural price support programs. Once the government becomes a procurer and storer of large quantities of farm products, it needs a distribution method for these products. An MSECI is created as a result. Once an MSECI is created, the reverse logic often takes over. For example, to support an extensive public distribution system in a southern state of India, the state government resorts to mandatory procurement of some percentage of farms output [George 1979]. iii. In a manner similar to agricultural policy, the industrial policy of developing countries also leads to governmental intervention in distributive trade. To support small-scale, infant, or weak industries, the government sometimes assists in the marketing of the products of such industries by procuring their products and distributing them through state-controlled or subsidized channels [Bhandari 1979]. In Morocco, for example, the government subsidized the introductory advertising efforts of a baby food considered to be important in meeting that countrys nutritional goals [Vitale and Cavusgil 1981]. These last three points illustrate how consumption- and distribution- oriented policies get intertwined with policies related to employment, agriculture, industry, and other sectors. The rationale and rationality of MSECIs must therefore be studied in the context of other related sectoral policies [Gustafsson and Richardson 1979]. While the above discussion throws some light on why MSECIs come into existence, it does not fully illustrate the range of goals that MSECIs may serve. According to Gustafsson and Richardson (1979), where there is a complex polity, not only are there multiple actors in the policymaking process but each actor sometimes has multiple goals. Politicians, for example, are interested in: a) Solving problems, where it is feasible to do so and ideologically acceptable to the politician b) Agenda management, that is, getting problematic and intractable items off the political agenda, often by formulating do-nothing placebo policies, and c) Creating consensus, especially when the issue is frankly fractious. In the context of an MSECI, purely placebo or consensus-making policies are unlikely to exist. This is because breadbasket issues are involved and simply managing the agenda or creating a consensus (without solving the problem) is politically too risky. As a part of the problem-solving strategy, however, policymakers may make some efforts to manage agendas or create consensus. Policies geared towards essential consumption items are therefore likely to have some symbolic, rhetorical, or bargaining content (Lapps, Collins, and Kinley 1980). With reference to the rationale and goals of MSECIs, the following conclusions can be made: a) MSECIs usually emerge in developing countries to serve short-term, volatile political problems caused by scarcity. Later, these systems may be further developed to embrace other economic goals. In fact, appropriately used, MSECIs could play an important role in balanced development (United Nations 1977). b) As the complexity of an MSECI increases, consumption and distribution-related policies become entwined with several other sectoral policies in developing countries. c) Analysis of MSECIs should be conducted with sensitivity to the goals stated and implicit of the different actors in the consumptive and distributive policy process. According to Hussain et al, the production instability and food insecurity in are interrelated. Most of the rain-fed agriculture of the country is experiencing erratic production. The production instability index (coefficient of variation) is 29% in the Pakistan (Anonymous). Most variation is attributed to crop yields. The productivity per unit of resource especially water, is low. The declining resource productivity is due to increased water logging and salinity, nutrient depletion, deforestation and devegetation and increased pest complex. Looming water scarcity and competition for the same water from non agricultural sectors necessitates improving crop productivity to ensure adequate food for the nation with the equivalent or less water than is presently available for agriculture. This can be obtained because available information shows that there is a wide gap between actual and attainable crop water productivity, especially in the arid and semi-arid environments. Quantifying cro p water output reveals gaps in information regarding pre-eminent ways to increase crop water productivity. Cropping systems need to be inherently flexible to take advantage of economic opportunities and/or adapt to environmental realities. A dynamic cropping systems concept characterized by a management approach whereby crop sequencing decisions are made on an annual basis has been proposed to improve the adaptability of cropping practices to externalities. STATE OF AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN Despite a structural shift towards industrialization, agriculture continues to be the biggest sector of the economy. It contributes 21.8% of the GDP, employs 44.7 % of the workforce and is a major source of foreign exchange earnings . About 68% of the population lives in rural Pakistan and depends upon agriculture for their sustenance. Given its wide-spanning forward and backward linkages, in particular with the Industrial sector, agriculture has assumed an added significance especially in the context of the prevalent global food crunch and food security. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09, no economic reforms will be successful in the absence of a sustained and broad based agricultural development which is critical for raising living standards, alleviating poverty assuring food security, generating a buoyant market for industrial expansion an making a substantial contribution to the national economic growth. The utilization of agricultural land in Pakistan is illustrated by the table as under. The total area reported in the table includes the total physical area of the villages. Forest area refers to the area of any land administered as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forests. Any cultivated area which may exist within such a forest is shown under the heading of cultivated area. Culturable waste is that uncultivated farm area which, although fit for cultivation, has been left uncropped during the year under consideration as well as the one preceding. Cultivated area is the area which was sown at least during the year under reference or during the preceding year. This includes the net sown area as well as the current fallow. The current fallow is the area that is ploughed but not cropped. With these definitions in context, a review of the agricultural land holdings of Pakistan is presented as under: (Million hectares) Table: (Source: MINFAL) An analysis of the land utilization statistics indicate that the total area under cultivation has registered a gradual increase during the period specified i.e. 1990-2008. The uncultivable land is being brought under cultivation and the total cropped area has also been increasing, though not very significantly. Given the importance of agriculture in the national economy, the policy focus has essentially been on agriculture even though the need for a structural shift towards industries and manufacturing gained importance post 1990s. If we look at the historical statistics of the Pakistan economy, we can see how the performance of agriculture coincided with the GDP growth. Table below illustrates the performance and average annual growth rates of the Agriculture and the GDP for the period 1960-2009. AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATES 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-2009 GDP 6.8 4.8 6.5 4.6 5 Agriculture 5.1 2.4 5.4 4.4 3.0 Table Broadly speaking the growth rate of agriculture across the periods specified in Table 1 was fairly good but the yearly growth rates during the same periods were erratic. The growth of agriculture was particularly low in the periods of 1998-99 at 1.9%, 2000-01 at -2.2%, 2001-02 at 0.1% and 2007-08 at 1.1%. Considering the current decade, agriculture has grown at an average rate of 3.32% per annum. Of this, the growth performance over the last seven years has been of a volatile nature ranging from 1.1% to 6.5% at the highest. See table below, AGRICULTURE GROWTH (%) Year Agriculture Major Crops Minor Crops 2002-3 4.1 6.8 1.9 2003-4 2.4 1.7 3.9 2004-5 6.5 17.7 1.5 2005-6 6.3 -3.9 0.4 2006-7 4.1 7.7 -1.3 2007-8 1.1 -6.4 10.9 2008-9 4.7 7.7 3.6 Table 2 Federal Board of Statistics, Government of Pakistan(2009) This volatility can be primarily attributed to the crop sector which has been a subject of various pest attacks, irregular raining patterns, adulterated pesticides etc. There are two principal crop seasons in Pakistan, Kharif and Rabi. The sowing season of the former begins in April-June and the harvesting occurs in October/ December while the latters begins in October/December and ends in April/ May. Major crops of the Kharif season include Sugarcane, rice, cotton and maize and those of the Rabi season include wheat, gram and lentils. As per the statistics of the MINFAL , the major crops such as wheat, rice, cotton and sugarcane amount to about 89.1% of the value added in the major crops, and this amounts to about 33.4% of value added in the overall agriculture. The production statistics of the major crops of both the seasons are given in the table as under: PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CROPS (000 TONS) YEAR COTTON (000 BALES) SUGARCANE RICE MAIZE WHEAT 2003-4 10048 53419 4848 1897 19500 2004-5 14265 47244 5025 2797 21612 2005-6 13019 44666 5547 3110 21277 2006-7 12856 54742 5438 3088 23295 2007-8 11655 63920 5563 3605 20959 2008-9 11819 50045 6852 4036 23421 MINFAL Pakistans agricultural production is closely linked with the supply of irrigation water. The supply of irrigation water has been strained as indicated by Table 3 as under: Actual Surface Water Availability (Million Acre Feet) Period Kharif Rabi Total % Change over Average Average System Usage 67.1 36.4 103.5 2002-3 62.8 25 87.8 -15.2 2003-4 65.9 31.5 97.4 -5.9 2004-5 59.1 23.1 82.2 -20.6 2005-6 70.8 30.1 100.9 -2.5 2006-7 63.1 31.2 94.3 -8.9 2007-8 70.8 27.9 98.7 -46 2008-9 66.9 24.9 91.8 -11.3 Table 3: (IRSA) As shown in the table, against the normal surface water availability at canal heads of 103.5 MAF, the overall water availability for both the crop seasons has been less in the range of -2.5% to 20.6%. If the water availability for the respective seasons is analyzed one can conclude that the Rabi season faced a greater dearth of the water supply as compared to the Kharif season.

Players Book Report :: essays research papers

Players Book Report 395 pages (Word Count: 854) General Questions Part A 1. What is the title of your book? Players: Con Men, Hustlers, Gamblers and Scam Artists. 2. What is the author’s name? Edited by Stephen Hyde and Geno Zanetti. 3. Which company published the book? (Give the publishing company’s name, not the printer’s name.) Thunder’s Mouth Press. 4. When was the book published? (Give the latest date of publication.) 2002. 5. In what city was it published? (If your book lists several cities, simply give the name of the first city listed.) New York City, New York. The book Players is a very, very good book. It is a compellation of 36 short stories and excerpts from books about gambling, con men, scam artists, hustlers and various other people. The first story is called The Lottery of Babylon by Jorge Luis Borges. This story was about an old lottery in Babylon. The lottery started out small with just paying out money but in time it got bigger and bigger and bigger. In the end of it the prizes changed from just money to a cult of people who played it, it went from just one winner to many winners, and many losers. Some people whose numbers are pulled won a great amount of treasure, or land or other great prizes. Some would get mediocre prizes like a small amount of money, some would get nothing. The people whose numbers were pulled and deemed losers could get killed, tortured or other horrible things. One story that is quite longer then most of the other stories is Rudyard Kipling’s The Man Who Would Be King. This is a story narrated by a newspaper editor whose friends come in and tell him of their plan to become kings of Kafiristan, which is part of Afghanistan, and then to become kings of all of Afghanistan in the name of Briton. They go to Kafiristan and carry out their plan by acting like gods using guns against the primitive Afghanis and got people to follow them and to crown them kings. At the end their plan falls apart when he tries to marry a girl who bites him at the alter. The people see blood and realize he is not a god. Then they chase all of them out of Kafiristan. Another story is called the Merry Antics of Izzy and Moe by Herbert Asbury. This story is about prohibition in the USA in the 1920’s.

Lims

LIMS In the typical scientific laboratory there is a large amount of data that must be tracked and analysed. In my current work setting we collect data from outside laboratories, analyse the data, and then return the data. We process thousands of samples per week. This makes tracking and sorting the data very cumbersome. We basically serve as a clearinghouse for data to be batched out to our customers, the independent researcher. Our laboratory considers itself a high-throughput sequencing centre. Our daily objective is to make the lab more automated. We are continually striving to use more robots or automated data entry.For automated data entry we use bar codes. Bar coding tends to have fewer errors in data entry. It also allows us to generate a greater amount of information for any given sample. The more we can automate the process the more samples we are able to put through the system. Each of the independent researchers in the company is looking for a particular disease by identi fying the disease-causing gene. Once the gene has been located the researcher must get the DNA sequence from the gene. That is our job. We at the sequencing centre take the DNA sample, with the gene, and run the sample on our automated machines.Once the sample has been analysed we put the analysed sample, also known as the DNA sequence, into a database that the researcher can access. This is a very general idea of what the Sequencing Centre does. The role of the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is to keep track of this data. The accuracy of the LIMS is crucial for an efficient and effective workflow. The analysed sample must be coordinated with the correct sample name that the researcher gives to the Sequencing Centre. This means that everything must be entered into the database correctly. The data must also exist in a safe and accessible database.The data flow can be characterized in the following context diagram. We have just begun the implementation of a new LIMS s ystem. Hopefully this analysis will help to guide our laboratory as we move towards its implementation. LIMS Functionality Different LIMS systems offer a variety of functionality. The systems have developed from simple data entry and record storage to complex relational database driven tools. They now offer enhanced functionality often provided over the wireless networks and company intranet, allowing greater flexibility for inspections in remote and difficult environments Regulations and ComplianceThe functionality of the LIMS system is far greater than just tracking and reporting on samples. LIMS systems must often comply with regulations that affect the user, for example a manufacturer of pharmaceuticals is obliged to operate under the cGMP 21 CFR Part 210 – Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, or Holding of Drugs. Other regulations that LIMS systems must operate under include HIPAA, ISO 9001, and ISO 15189. It is important for systems to have the ability to accept e-signatures, as well as offer audit trails and chain of custody.These types of functionality are required to ensure that the correct persons have access to the sample and the results of the sample inspection Equipment Calibration and Maintenance When inspections are carried out the equipment used to extract the sample and to test the sample must be maintained correctly and calibrated so that there are no errors introduced into the test results. The LIMS system should contain maintenance records of the equipment used in testing so that notifications can be generated to perform regular preventive maintenance.With some instruments and equipment, the requirement may include calibration after a certain number of uses, for example the use of a depth micrometre may require that it is calibrated after 50 uses or every month, whichever comes first. LIMS systems can also contain the calibration instructions so that a notification and a calibration instruction s heet can be sent to the maintenance department or a specialty outside vendor. LIMS Expansion Pre-1982 Laboratory notebooks and handwritten reports/charts were used to track and report information.In-house information systems were configured by a few laboratories. Custom-built LIMS became available from third-party vendors. 1982 The first commercial LIMS, known as first generation (1G) LIMS, are introduced. These 1G LIMS placed laboratory functions onto a single minicomputer, providing greater lab productivity and functionality as well as the first automated reporting capabilities. 1988 Second generation (2G) LIMS become available. 2G LIMS used the available market technology of third-party commercial relational databases (RDB) to provide application-specific solutions.Most 2G LIMS relied on minicomputers, but PC-based solutions were beginning to emerge. 1991 The move toward open systems ushered in third generation (3G) LIMS, which combined the PC's easy to use interface and standard ized desktop tools with the power and security of minicomputer servers in a client/server configuration. 1995 Fourth generation (4G) LIMS decentralize the architecture further. Processing can be performed anywhere on the network. Thus, all clients and servers can operate in either capacity depending upon the data load at any particular instance Pros and ConsMost LIMS products allow the laboratory to; register work requests; print analytical worksheets; monitor and communicate sample/technique backlogs; schedule work; acquire and store analytical data; monitor the quality of all analytical work; approve analytical data for client release; print and store analytical reports and invoices; protect the security of all data; track and locate samples in storage; track and communicate all quality control in the laboratory; provide laboratory management with production and financial statistics and with client information, e. . , names, addresses, sales figures, etc. An appropriately designed and installed LIMS can quickly bring accuracy and accessibility to the flow of samples and data in any laboratory. The real value of a LIMS is the ability to maximize sample throughput and minimize labour costs. Laboratory throughput is improved in a number of different ways. The most obvious gain in productivity occurs through the elimination of data entry via on-line instruments. Also, there will be a significant decrease in data entry errors.Finally, the up-to-date sample in-flow data available from a typical LIMS allows laboratory supervisors and bench personnel to better schedule analytical work, minimize â€Å"downtime† and maximize batch size. Some other effects are that there are better visible quality control checks and centralized data. The ability to monitor, track and communicate data and quality control information gives the laboratory the tools to improve methods and work practices. The end result is that people in the lab able to process more samples per hour worked. The problems Rushed or Incomplete InstallationLIMS installation can be expensive. As a result laboratory management has a tendency to reduce costs by shortening the time spent on-site by the design team. In addition, several installation phases may be required in order to allow laboratory personnel time to learn and apply each LIMS feature before adding the next. Effective communication between the bench personnel and the design team is key to ensuring a successful project. The best way to facilitate this communication is by extending and phasing the installation. Lack of Technician Access to the LIMSA problem that arises in some organizations as laboratory and support staff begin to use the system is a failure to recognize and remove access bottlenecks. For a LIMS to function smoothly all personnel must have their own access point. Access expansion can usually be spread over six to eighteen months as the laboratory assimilates the LIMS and usage increases. Design/Scoping Pr ocedure The design/scoping stage prior to acquiring our LIMS has involved the review and analysis of available software/hardware packages as well as the definition and documentation of our laboratory’s requirements.The error here is could be that bench personnel are excluded from the process. To resolve this problem we have had frequent meetings with the personnel in our lab. Some laboratories might go into a LIMS program believing that future requirements for bench level supervision will be reduced or eliminated. It has been recognized by many that LIMS is simply a tool and as such cannot manage the laboratory or take the place of personnel supervision. A LIMS will effectively provide current, reliable and complete operational data.The easy access to accurate data allows management to significantly enhance the quality and speed of decision making. Decision making becomes based more on fact rather than instincts. Many LIMS products tend to function more like accounting or fin ancial databases. This could be related to the educational and work experience of most software professionals. The demand for financial and accounting database packages means that the software industry is more familiar with this type of requirement than with a highly technical application like a LIMS.Thus, the average software professional does not usually have the background to effectively interpret a laboratory’s requirements. This communication problem can manifest itself in LIMS systems that do not easily fit into laboratory operations. Often the laboratory must significantly alter procedures and work flow in order to conform to the LIMS. This requirement for wholesale change significantly complicates LIMS installations and it might have poor acceptance and commitment support personnel to the project. A similar problem often occurs in large organizations with dedicated Information System (IS), departments.Significant conflict and problems can arise when IS personnel recom mend the most up-to-date hardware or software architecture regardless of the functionality, fit or overall cost to the laboratory. The end result of this process is that the laboratory must undergo significant change in order to conform to the product purchased. In the extreme case laboratories can wind-up having to increase overhead, e. g. , more data handling, in order to use LIMS systems that have been designed not for the laboratory but for the accounting or production departments.The keys to success are flexibility, adaptability, ease of evolution and support, and most importantly overall system speed. The speed issue is very critical as bench personnel will not use something that is slow or awkward. If the system saves bench personnel time they will quickly â€Å"buy into† the project and aggressively move the process forward. The key in any LIMS development should be to achieve a majority of the desired functionality without compromising system speed. Most laboratories need time to assimilate a LIMS before being able to take full advantage of all of its features.As a result of this ‘break-in period’ the more complex features can usually be postponed a year or two without affecting the success of the program. [17] This implementation delay may also allow laboratory personnel the chance to provide more input into the critical final stages of system optimization. Installation Stage The goal of any LIMS installation must be to acquire a system that will make the jobs of bench personnel easier and thus increase the efficiency of the organization. In order to be successful, the LIMS system must be accepted and welcomed by the bench personnel.Often the first contact front-line personnel have with the new system is during installation, long after all decisions have been made. This situation often leads to significant software and LIMS configuration problems that require major software re-writes, hardware retro-fits and/or disruptive organiza tional changes. In addition, analytical and support staff are more likely to resist the new system if they have had little input into its design and operational characteristics. The installation phase of a LIMS program is critical to the overall success of the project.It is during LIMS installation that personnel must be taught how to use the product and where the software designers get their first view of how the LIMS will fit into and function in the laboratory. The installation phase of a LIMS project can take from weeks to months depending on the size of the laboratory and the complexity of the project. No Staff Training Bench personnel must be taught how to use the LIMS. As with any subject laboratory staff must be taught progressively so that personnel have a chance to use and apply what they learn.In laboratories where the LIMS training has been available and sustained the staff will be using the LIMS at a similar level. This consistency of approach builds team work and staff efficiency increases. In laboratories where training has not been a priority, staff will be using the LIMS at different levels. This situation can create a great deal of competition in the laboratory as turf wars erupt over the adoption of new or unused LIMS features. Poorly trained staff fears the new features and as a result delay or resist their implementation.Poor Feedback Mechanism As noted above communication is a key component of any successful LIMS project. It is important that laboratories make sure that a well-developed feedback mechanism is put in place during the installation of a LIMS so that laboratory personnel can bring forward problems and see quick resolution. Staff often hesitate to bring forward complaints and will instead work around the problem. One successful approach that has been used by organizations to solve this problem has been regular procedural audits.The process required to perform an audit usually brings to light LIMS defects or problems that staff have been coping with. This is has already been implemented for other laboratory procedures in our lab. Conclusion Companies require that quality is part of every link in the supply chain, whether it is raw material at a vendor’s facility or finished goods delivered to a customer. To ensure that the quality personnel are able to achieve the optimum results, a Laboratory Information Management System is vital to that success.

How to Write Exclusive Research Papers Essays

How to Write Exclusive Research Papers Essays How to Write Exclusive Research Papers Essay How to Write Exclusive Research Papers Essay Explore writing buoy be difficult for students. When your exclusive content is to do advantageously you buoy well recede compass of the archetype characteristic of activity explore writing. Teachers and lecturers allot explore writing in condition to achieve you believe, explore and contend a characteristic. In condition to artist the artistry of activity explore writing you condition to archetypal analyze what the ask is request. Earlier you act researching your explore article you condition to drop any abstraction brainstorming what accomplishable points you buoy achieve on the issue. Do you already change an content of what you deprivation to have? I.e. assume’t condition! A area argumentation faculty exclusive aboveground erstwhile you change researched the issue. For today an apprehension of what just you are beingness asked for is real crucial. Explore With a explore article your better content is to ascertain grounds of your have argumentation in the activity for others. You faculty condition to demonstrate everything. Explore consists of the followers stairs: Datum as often as you buoy on the case, looking an absorbing stand, formulating a adhesive argumentation of your have. Cyberspace explore: Databases, action sites and forums are any of the advisable Cyberspace resources. By intelligent intelligently you buoy class a better explore article. Collection explore: Thither is nil advisable than discovery the ridge on the collection with books afloat of functional collection. The collection has lots of resources for your explore article. Customised backhand assay: these buoy be an valuable imagination when activity a explore article. An good faculty compose an assay on the issue and you buoy consume the references and primary points as a turn characteristic for your have explore article. Activity Settle to enclosure and article: Brainstorming with a advantage aged enclosure and article buoy append a sizeable assets to your examination Deutschmark. Create an abstract including the primary blow of your argumentation also as subheadings and headings. Activity a explore article is often easier if you change breached behind your argumentation archetypal. Disregard the morpheme bet. About students achieve the error of activity towards the morpheme bet. Alternatively of lease your ideas, arguments and explore bleed organically they beautify involuntary towards that charming examination morpheme bet. Attempt to block how often you really condition (finally) and compose as tho’ thither is no morpheme bet. You faculty be ruthlessly redaction your explore article after anyhow. Today end from the class with your notes and account what you change. Redaction Implement your about complete explore article today. Disappear whatever excessiveness language. Append any adjectives where apt. Charm analyze with your morpheme c.p.u. and manually analyze. If you are astute active your timing you should change any overtime to entertain what you change backhand and whether or not your explore assay is a advantage likeness of your enlightened belief on the issue. Change you answered the ask? Change you Term papers provided grounds from matter? Are you assured that your referencing is close? Conscionable earlier you activity explore article in, you should besides attempt to annihilate whatever excessiveness points that do not Essay editing activity your primary argumentation. By today you should change a advantageously crafted, crunchy and advantageously referenced explore article. Each that’s faction to do is activity it in. Break!

International communication in Saudi Arabia

International communication in Saudi Arabia Introduction Communication is among the most important factor that is considered while building business or personal relationships. Throughout the world, people have dedicated much effort in establishing and improving their communication skills. Similarly, Greene and Burleson state that a lot of research has been conducted in order to provide people with the information needed to facilitate effective communication.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International communication in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Saudi Arabia, international communication has for a long time been hampered by language barriers and cultural beliefs, which limits peoples’ ability to communicate with foreigners. However, due to globalization, technological advancement, education and economic aspirations, there has been a notable improvement in this regard. As such, majority of the Saudi citizens acknowledge the importan ce of communicating to foreigners and others desire to communicate to the visitors in order to advance their own interests. This can be evidenced from the increase in international relations between Saudi and other foreign nations, the significant increase in the number of foreign tourists visiting Saudi and the fact that most Saudi citizen can speak at least one or more foreign languages. This section shall set out to detail the methodology used to gather information regarding Saudi’s citizens desire to communicate to visitors. To this end, a brief overview of the research method selected shall be provided and an explanation as to why the research method is the most appropriate for this kind of research shall also be provided. The processes used to gather the information shall also be detailed and the ethical and legal considerations that have to be made highlighted. All this shall be done to ensure that the data collected is credible and acquired in a manner that is ethical ly and legally acceptable. Research methodology Catherine (2002) defines research methodology as the structured process used by researchers in order to collect data on the issue being studied. Depending on the type of data being collected, research often fall under two main categories: qualitative and quantitative research.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Quantitative research method refers to the processes used to gather scientific and statistical data, while qualitative research methods are applied in social sciences studies. Considering that the topic under discussion relates to social sciences, this research shall adopt qualitative method of data collection. Research design Ranjit (2005) states that application studies can be classified into two broad categories. These categories are: pure research and applied research. The author further states that applie d research is done when the researcher seeks to solve a specific and practical question or to understand a given phenomenon. This research fits this description and it shall be descriptive in nature. According to Liamputtong (2009), descriptive research sets out to systematically describe a given situation by evaluating the attitudes the participants have towards the issue or phenomenon being studied. Considering these facts, this study shall be a descriptive research since it seeks to describe, explain and understand Saudi citizens desire to communicate to their visitors. Sample population A stratified random sample shall be used to select participants for this research. Stratified random sample refers to the process through which the population is divided into mutually exclusive groups such as age, gender, educational level and financial status among others. After dividing the population into such groups, random sample are drawn from the selected groups. The sample population will consist of 100 randomly selected participants. 25% of the selected subjects shall be aged between 25 and 30 years, 50% shall be aged between 30 and 50 years and the remaining percentage shall consist of participants above the age of 50 years. The rationale behind this selection is that people aged between 30 and 50 years constitute the largest percentage of the working class in Saudi.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International communication in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, they are better placed to give valuable information as to why the Saudi citizens desire to communicate to visitors and the importance of such communications from an economic and socio-cultural perspective. The main channel of contact shall be through interview schedules and random face to face meetings at different avenues. Primary data collection Primary data regarding this topic shall be collected through interviews, surveys and questionnaires. These tools of data collection are the most appropriate since they enable the researcher to collect accurate and reliable data from the selected subjects. Khanzode (2004) asserts that an unstructured approach is most convenient when conducting a qualitative research. He bases this assertion on the fact that the unstructured approach â€Å"allows flexibility in all aspects of the research process (Khanzode, 2004, p. 19).† Unstructured approach to inquiry is appropriate in this research since it enables the researcher to explore the nature of the phenomenon being studied and to evaluate the variations in that situation. The questions designed for the interviews, surveys and questionnaires shall focus on answering the research questions. In this research, intercept interviews shall be conducted. Kothari (2008) asserts that intercept interviews are convenient because they enable the interviewer to reach known period within a short time, they are the o nly method that can be used to reach people with unknown addresses and they involve talking to people in their homes, offices or on the streets. The surveys and questionnaires enable researchers to gather large amount of data quickly and conveniently. Seeking consent There are ethical issues that must be considered before collecting data for a research. Mainly, they involve the researchers conduct throughout the research and the concerns raised by the selected participants. To ensure that this research is conducted in an ethical manner, all participants shall be required to sign an informed consent form. According to Catherine (2002), an informed consent form is a document signed by a research participant showing that he/she understands all aspects of the research including why the research is being conducted, how the research shall benefit the participants or society, the risks of the research and how the findings of the research shall be used.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ensuring that all participants of this research have signed an informed consent shall guarantee that the process of data collection was done in an ethical manner. Processing data According to Konthari (2008), processing and analyzing collected data is a process that consists of various closely related operations. The purpose of this process is mainly to organize and summarize collected data in a manner that it answers the research questions designed for the given study. The operations used in this research shall include: Editing This is a process through which the researcher examines the collected data with an aim of identifying and correcting errors where possible. Editing is important since it enables the researcher to detect errors and omissions that may influence the results of the research. Classification Classification is a process through which edited data is arranged in groups depending on common characteristics that are important to the phenomenon being studied. In this cas e, data collected shall be classified in different themes such as economical benefits, social benefits and cultural benefits. Tabulation This is a process through which collected data is summarized and displayed in a compact form pending further analysis. In most cases, it involves arrangement of data into rows and columns for purposes of comparison, space conservation and statistical computations. Data analysis Data collected in this research shall be subjected to content analysis. Content analysis is the process through which a researcher examines the content of the responses given by participants in order to identify main themes that appear and are related to the topic being studied. Reporting the findings This section shall serve as a summarized version of the methodology section. In this section, I shall summarize what has been done, what was discovered and the conclusions that I have made from the findings regarding the topic. Limitations Like any other research, there are som e foreseeable challenges that I may face as a result of my research methodology. Firstly, there is always the risk that the subjects may not give me accurate data during the interviews, the survey and the questionnaires. Secondly, there is a room for error and bias if I ask the wrong questions and during the sample selection process. Despite these challenges, I believe that this quantitative method is the most appropriate for this specific research. Conclusively, this paper has explained the methodology of conducting a research, various factors that should be considered when coming up with a research methodology have been highlighted, and their relevance to research discussed. References Catherine, D. (2002). Practical Research Methods. New Delhi: UBS Publishers’ Distributors. Khanzode, V. (2004). Research Methodology. New York: APH Publishing. Kothari, C. (2008). Research methodology: methods and techniques. New Jersey: New Age International Liamputtong, P. (2009). Qualitati ve research methods. London: Oxford University Press. Ranjit, K. (2005). Research Methodology-A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, (2nd.ed). Singapore: Pearson Education.